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| August Comte [1798-1857] |
Auguste Comte (1798-1857) was a great french thinker, a famous social philosopher and the first sociologist. It was he laid the foundations of sociology and is acclaimed as the "father of sociology". He insisted that the science of society, that is, sociology, should be treated on par with other sciences. Sociology has gone far ahead in the scientific tradition about which Comte has insisted. The community of sociologists remains ever grateful to Comte for his pioneering works to make sociology a science.
Comte was born at Montpellier, France, on 19th January 1798, a decade after the french Revolution. His parents were very humble, law-abiding and highly religious. His father was a government servant and a royalist and a traditionalist. From the very beginning, Comte exhibited extra-ordinary mental ability, strong character and a tendency to go against authority. He was often described as "brilliant and recalcitrant". He was a voracious reader and had an excellent memory power. In school, he won many prizes and led the students who used to call him "the philosopher"
Comte received his primary education at the Imperial Lycee and joined the famous "Ecole Polytechnique" in Paris at the age of 16. Here he was taught by professors of physics and mathematics who had no interest in the study of human affairs and society. But unlike them, Comte developed great social and human concern.
As a youth Comte was critical of Napoleon's administration and disliked both parental and religious authority. He even lead a group of students in demanding the resignation of one of his instructors at the school. Though Comte was a bright student he never received a college-level degree. This had a negative effect on his teaching career. In 1818, he became secretary to Saint Simon (1760-1825) a philosopher, forty years senior to Comte. Saint Simon was a great socialist thinker of the day and was often referred to as a socialist dreamer. Comte became his secretary for which he was getting 300 francs per month as salary. In course of time, Comte became his co-worker, co-writer and co-thinker. The friendship between the two lasted only for a few years, that is, up to 1824 only. They jointly publish the work "Plan of the Scientific Operations Necessary for the Reorganisation of Society"-1822; [also known as "The Prospectus of the Scientific Works Required for the Reorganisation of Society"] and thereafter their partnership dissolved. Comte believed that Saint Simon was not giving him adequate credit for his contributions.
Comte married in the year 1825 but within 17 years, that is, in 1842, his wife deserted him. He almost led an isolated life for a long time due to his personal disappointments and quarrels with others. He had to face economic crisis also. A small group of his admirers invited him to deliver a series of private lectures on positive philosophy. Good number of learnt men including scientists and economists were attending his lectures. His lecture notes were later published (between 1830-42) in six volumes running to 4800 pages which constituted his masterly work called "Course of Positive Philosophy". This treatise fetched him a sizeable number of admirers even outside France. J.S. Mill to England, a famous philosopher, for example, was impressed by his work.
In 1826, Comte thought of a scheme of presenting a series of 72 lectures on his philosophy of life. The course drew a distinguished audience. It was, however, halted after three lectures when Comte suffered a nervous breakdown. He was unhappy with his wife whom he had married in 1825 [and who deserted him in 1842]. At one stage in 1827 he sought to commit suicide by throwing himself into the Seine river.
Comte had taken to teaching at the Ecole Polytechnique. During this period Comte worked on the famous six volume work running to 4800 pages, known as "Positive Philosophy" ["Course de Philosophie Positive"]. In that work Comte was the first to use the term "Sociology". He also outlined his view that sociology was the ultimate science. This book fetched him a sizeable number of admirers even outside France.
By 1851, Comte had completed the four volume book entitled "System of Positive Politics" ["Systeme de Polytique Positive"]. This book proposed to offer a grand plan for the reorganisation of society. Here Comte tried to apply the findings of theoretical sociology to the solutions of social problems.
Comte has a series of bizarre ideas. He believed in "cerebral hygiene" and to preserve his mental health he stopped reading the words of other writers. He wanted to suggest proposals for the improvement of society. But in his attempts to do so he deviated from the path and established the "the religion of humanity" claiming himself to be its high priest.
Comte whose life was beset which stresses and strains, conflicts and controversies, poverty and isolation, breathed his last on 5th Sept. 1857. The religion which he started died along with him but the science he set out continues to florish.
Main works of Auguste Comte:
- "The Prospectus of the Scientific Works Required for the Reorganisation of Society", 1822 - A joint work of August Comte and Saint Saimon.
- "Positive Philosophy", 1830-42 - in six volumes.
- "Positive Politics", 1851-54 - in four volumes
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